2 "Cryptography" Posts

The Birthday Paradox in Production: When Random IDs Collide

Why collision risk grows faster than intuition suggests, and what that means for IDs, hashes, and distributed systems

Nov 28, 2025 • Category: Applied Modeling and Simulation • Tags: #cryptography · #databases · #distributed-systems · #probability · #Python

What You'll Learn

Why collisions happen long before an ID space is full
Why collision risk grows much faster than intuition suggests
How the birthday paradox applies to computer systems
How to calculate the probability of an ID collision
Why the square root of the ID space determines the danger zone
How 32-bit, 64-bit, and UUID v4 IDs compare
How generation rate changes the time until collisions become likely
How to choose an acceptable collision risk for a real system
How Monte Carlo simulation can validate collision calculations
How to predict when an ID strategy needs to be replaced

Hash Collisions: Why Your 'Unique' Fingerprints Aren't (And Why That's Usually OK)

The mathematical certainty of hash collisions, the near-impossibility of meaningful ones, and what it means for modern cryptography

Nov 17, 2025 • Category: Essays and Perspectives • Tags: #blockchain · #cryptography · #hashing · #passwords · #security

What You'll Learn

Why hash collisions are mathematically inevitable even with strong algorithms
Why a possible collision is very different from a meaningful security threat
How MD5 and SHA-1 went from trusted standards to broken algorithms
Why modern password storage needs more than a fast hash and a salt
When hash collisions matter for security and when they are harmless
How crypto-agility helps systems survive when today’s algorithms eventually fail

Behind the Code

My focus is the engineering beneath modern AI systems. After several years of building applications with AI through APIs, my interests have moved below that abstraction layer: understanding how models are architected, trained, evaluated, and served, why they’re designed the way they are, and the engineering tradeoffs behind those decisions.

That direction follows a pattern across my forty-year career as a software developer. I’ve primarily built applications, but I’ve repeatedly found myself pushing beyond the application itself and building the systems, abstractions, and tooling behind it: metaprogramming layers, dynamic runtimes, configuration-driven engines, and automation platforms designed to outlive the original feature request.

The pattern shows across my career: Forms Express at AT&T, a four-layer dynamic runtime shipped for under $500K against a $2M consulting bid; VeriSign’s first-ever customer self-service mobile activation system, which won the 2003 SUPERQuest Award; and TAG at Microsoft, a production LLM orchestration platform that shipped nearly 100 Terraform articles by parsing XML templates, routing prompts to Azure OpenAI, and composing results with browser-driven Azure portal capture. Along the way: C++ MVP, nine technology books, 100+ articles for .NET Programming Tips & Techniques, and helping run CodeGuru, the largest Windows developer community of its era.

After 21 years at Microsoft, I’m now full-time on what’s next: completing my Master’s in Computer Science and publishing at Signal & Syntax, where I research and write about the mathematics and engineering underneath modern AI. I use mathematical models, experiments, and small implementations to explore everything from gradient descent and attention to inference-time behavior and training infrastructure; not just how to use these systems through an API, but how the machinery beneath that API actually works.

Connect with me on LinkedIn .